Vocabulary of Concepts of Ch.12: Human Genetics.

Abortion	Premature expulsion of the fetus from uterus.
Aneuploidy	Having one extra or one less chromosome relative to the parental chromosome number.
Autosome	Any chromosome of a type that is the same in males and females of the species.
Crossing Over	At prophase I of meiosis, an interaction in which non-sister chromatids of a pair of homologous chromosomes break at corresponding sites and exchange segments; genetic recombination is the result.
Deletion	At cytological level, loss of a segment from a chromosome. At molecular level, loss of one to a few base pairs from a DNA molecule.
Disease	Outcome of infection when defenses aren't mobilized fast enough and a pathogen's activities interfere with normal body functions
Double-blind Study	Different investigators independently collect, then compare data.
Duplication	Gene sequence repeated several to many hundreds or thousands of times. Even normal chromosomes have such sequences.
Genetic Abnormality	A rare or less common version of a heritable trait.
Genetic Disorder	Any inherited condition that causes mild to severe medical problems.
Genetic Recombination	Result of any process that puts new genetic information into a DNA molecule (e.g., by crossing over).
Homologous Chromosome	Of cells with a diploid chromosome number, one of a pair of chromosomes identical in size, shape, and gene sequence, and that interact at meiosis. Nonidentical sex chromosomes (e.g., X and Y) also interact as homologues during meiosis.
In-Vitro Fertilization	Conception outside the body (''in glass'' petri dishes or test tubes).
Independent Assortment	Mendelian theory that by the end of meiosis, each pair of homologous chromosomes (and linked genes on each one) are sorted before shipment to gametes independently of how the other pairs were sorted. Later modified to account for the disruptive effect of crossing over on linkages.
Inversion	Part of a chromosome that became oriented in reverse, with no molecular loss.
Karyotype	Preparation of metaphase chromosomes sorted by length, centromere location, other defining features.
Linkage Group	All genes on a chromosome.
Mosaicism	Cells of same type express genes differently, so phenotypic differences emerge in same type of tissue.
Non-disjunction	Failure of sister chromatids or a pair of homologous chromosomes to separate during meiosis or mitosis. Daughter cells end up with too many or too few chromosomes.
Polyploidy	Having three or more of each type of chromosome in the nucleus of a eukaryotic cell at interphase.
Reciprocal Cross	A paired cross. In the first cross, one parent displays the trait of interest. In the second, the other parent displays it.
Sex Chromosome	A chromosome with genes that affect sexual traits.
Syndrome	A set of symptoms that characterize a genetic disorder or disease.
Translocation	Movement of a stretch of DNA to a new chromosomal location with no molecular loss.
X Chromosome	A type of sex chromosome; an XX mammalian embryo becomes female.
Y Chromosome	A type of sex chromosome; an XY pairing causes it to develop into a male.