Vocabulary of Concepts of Ch.33 Animal tissue.

Adhering Junction: Junction where a mass of anchored proteins help adjoining cells adhere.

Adipose Tissue: A connective tissue having an abundance of fat-storing cells.

Blood: Fluid connective tissue of water, solutes, and formed elements (blood cells, platelets) that transports substances to and from cells, helps maintain internal environment.

 Bone Tissue: Of vertebrate skeleton, a tissue of osteoblast secretions hardened with minerals.

Cardiac Muscle Tissue: A contractile tissue that is present only in the heart wall. 

Cartilage: Connective tissue with solid, pliable intercellular material that resists compression.

Dense, irregular connective tissue: Animal tissue with fibroblasts, many asymmetrically positioned fibers in ground substance. In skin and some capsules around organs.

Dense, regular connective tissue: Animal tissue with rows of fibroblasts between parallel bundles of fibers. In tendons, elastic ligaments.

Ectoderm: The first-formed, outermost primary tissue layer of animal embryos; gives rise to nervous system tissues and integument's outer layer.

Endocrine gland: Ductless gland that secretes hormones, which the bloodstream distributes.

Endoderm: Inner primary tissue layer of animal embryos; source of inner gut lining and derived organs.

 Epithelium: Animal tissue that covers external surfaces and lines internal cavities and tubes. 

 Exocrine gland: Glandular structure that secretes products, usually through ducts or tubes, to a free epithelial surface.

Gap junction: Cylindrical arrays of proteins in the plasma membrane that pair up as open channels for signals between adjoining cells.

Gland cell:  A cell that secretes products unrelated to their own metabolism for use elsewhere.

Homeostasis: Physical and chemical aspects of internal environment (blood, interstitial fluid) are being maintained within ranges suitable for cell activities.

Internal environment: Blood + interstitial fluid.

Loose connective tissue: Animal tissue with fibers, fibroblasts loosely arrayed in semifluid ground substance.

Mesoderm: Primary tissue layer of complex animals; gives rise to many internal organs and part of the integument.

Nervous tissue: Connective tissue composed of neurons and often neuroglia. 

Neuroglia: Collectively, cells that structurally and metabolically support neurons. 

Neuron: Type of nerve cell; basic communication unit in most nervous systems.

Organ:  Body structure with definite form and function that consists of more than one tissue.

Organ System: Organs interacting chemically, physically, or both in a common task.

Skeletal muscle tissue: Striated contractile tissue that is the functional partner of bone. 

Smooth muscle tissue: Nonstriated contractile tissue found in soft internal organs.

Tight junction: Cell junction where strands of fibrous proteins oriented in parallel with a tissue's free surface collectively block leaks between the adjoining cells.

Tissue: Of multicelled organisms, a group of cells and intercellular substances that function together in one or more specialized tasks.

Vocabulary of Concepts of Ch.20 Origin and evolution of life.

Angiosperm: Flowering plant.

Archaebacterium: Member of the prokaryotic domain Archaebacteria

Archean eon: Eon in which life arose (3.8-2.5 bya).

Big bang: Model for origin of universe.

Cenozoic era: The present era (65 mya to present).

crust, of Earth: Outer zone of low-density rocks resting on the Earth's mantle.

Dinosaur: Group of reptiles that originated in the Triassic and became the dominant land vertebrates for 125 million years.

Ediacaran: One of the species with a highly flattened body that arose in the precambrian.
 
Endosymbiosis theory: Contact between two species, one of which lives and reproduces inside the other's body.

Eubacterium: Prokaryotic cell; has a nucleoid,no nucleus, cytoplasm, or cell membrane; most have a cell wall, some encapsulated.

Eukaryotic Cell: Cell having a nucleus and other membrane-bound organelles.

Global Broiling hypothesis: Theory that an asteroid impact caused the K-T mass extinction by creating a colossal fireball, the debris from which raised global air temperature by thousands of degrees.

 Gymnosperm: Type of vascular plant in which seeds form on exposed surfaces of reproductive structures.

K-T asteroid impact theory: A huge asteroid hit Earth at the K-T boundary; last dinosaurs perished during the mass extinction.

Mantle: Of Earth, a zone of intermediatedensity rocks beneath the crust.

 Mesozoic era: An era (240-65 mya) of spectacular expansion in the range of global diversity.

 Paleozoic era: Era from Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, through the Permian.

Prokaryotic cell: Single-celled organism most often walled; lacks membranebound organelles.

Proterozoic eon: Period from 2.5 billion to 570 million years ago; period during which eukaryotic cells arose.

Protistan: Photoautotroph or heterotroph. Has a nucleus, larger ribosomes, mitochondria, ER, Golgi bodies, chromosomes with numerous proteins, and cytoskeletal microtubules.

Proto-cell: Hypothetic cell-like stage between chemical evolution and the first living cell.

RNA world: One model for prebiotic evolution in which RNA was the template for protein synthesis before the evolution of DNA.

 Stromatolite: Fossilized mats of shallow-water microbial communities, mainly cyanobacteria, from Archean to precambrian.